International Oil and National Security Essay

When oil fueled the navies of both Britain and the United States in World War I, it began the tremendous impact oil would have on the world. When British and French forces were threatened with oil shortages, the US gave the much needed help. Without the same assistance, Germany had to shorten critical operations. Since military hardware were all dependent on oil for power it became important that their countries have access to oil. Britain had access to Middle East oil and the United States had the oil from the Caribbean. After the war, Britain and the United States continued to dominate the oil industry of the world. The US has 4 large oil companies and Britain has 2. From the experience of World War II, control of the oil production for use in the military explains the success of the US and the defeat of Germany and Japan. The US rebuilt Europe and Japan with the assurance of oil supply. US had enough Venezuelan oil for its needs, set its eyes on the oil-rich Middle East. Oil is also seen as an important commodity for industries. To ensure its access Britain acquired concession rights on the oil of Iran, but it was not enough. The governments of Latin America refused to allow foreign government’s participation in their oil industries. Excessive supply had to be jointly managed which paved the way for developing oil sources in Iraq, Bahrain and Kuwait, as well as Mexico and Venezuela. The threat of war with Mexico and a crisis in Venezuela was defused with settlements and concessions. The lesson for the British was not ownership of oil reserves but control of sea routes that had more impact. A growing concern that US oil reserves are nearing depletion prompted oil companies to seek additional sources in order to serve domestic demand and supply foreign markets. They shifted their attention from the Caribbean to the Middle East. There has been a noted change in the structure of the global oil industry as well as in the triggers of consumption. The oil industry is important to national security, comes from non-renewable sources and oil reserves is dependent on the demand and supply of the commodity. The seven oil majors control 90% of oil reserves, produce 90% of oil, have a 75% refining capacity, and trade 90% of oil in the global market. In the middle of the 1950s there were small entrants, who challenged the majors, and who sold their oil at low prices. These pushed the world prices of oil downward. Oil consumption is a big part of the economy. Construction of highways and railways, purchase and registration of cars and trucks make America a great motoring nation and consequently a high gas-consuming public. Ever conscious of maintaining reserves the US relied heavily on oil imports to sustain its energy needs. As the Middle East has become its largest energy source, the US government is much concerned with maintaining the security and stability in the Middle East. Policy makers are looking for alternative, diversified and renewable fuel sources, efficient utilization and conservation measures to reduce the country’s dependence on oil imports taking into account their costs and benefits.

Syllabules

Copyright  © 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2001, 2000, 1999 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course introduces the fundamental, logical, and design considerations addressed during system and application software development. It provides a solid background in information systems analysis and design techniques through a combination of theory and application. The Systems Development Life Cycle will be fundamental to the course. PoliciesFaculty and students will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Policies may be slightly different depending on the modality in whic h you attend class.If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Blankenship, E. , Woodward, M. , Holliday, G. , & Keller, B. (2011). Professional team foundation server 2010. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley. Dennis, A. , Wixom, B. H. , & Roth, R. M. (2012). Systems analysis & design (5th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. Schiesser, R. (2011). IT systems management (2nd ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education. Valacich, J. S. , George, J. F. , & Hoffer, J. A. (2012). Essentials of systems analysis and design (5th ed. ).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Software Microsoft ® Visio ® Microsoft ® Project ® (Recommended) Toolwire Personal Student Desktop All electronic materials are available on the student website. |Week One: Systems Development Life Cycle | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Define the systems development life cycle. | | | |Describe Roles of Systems Analyst and Others in System Develop ment Projects. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 each week. Other DQs are optional and can be answered to meet required|DQ1 – Day 3 |4 | | |participation. Remember you are to post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the |DQ2- | | | |week.All substantive posts in Main count towards participation. |Day 4 | | |Learning Team |Resource: Learning Team Toolkit |Day 7 |1 | |Instructions | | | | |Team Charter |Complete the Learning Team Charter. One team member posts the Charter to their Assignments | | | |tab. | | | |Learning Team |Complete Service Request SR-kf-013. See the Team Paper Rubric posted in the Course Materials |Week 5 | | |Instructions |Forum. | | | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Examine each stage of the SDLC for the Kudler Fine Foods Frequent Shopper Program. | | | | | | | | |Prepare a 12- to 16-page paper, due in Week Five. | | | | | | | | | |Post your team Project Plan and update it each week. | | | Week Two: Systems Analysis | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain scope and feasibility. | | | | |Define systems analysis and systems requirements. | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. |4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on the Service Request SR-kf-013 for Kudler Fine Foods. | | | |Instructions |Create a detailed outline for each section of the paper. | | | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Post your Project Plan for SR-kf-013.List all deliverables, assign them equitably to team | | | |(Preparation) |members and add due dates for each | | | | | |Day 7 |5 | |Individual |As one of the program outcomes for the Bachelor of Science in Information Technology program, | | | |Service Request |students must apply the principles of systems analysis and design to fundamental business | | | |SR-rm-022, Part 1 |systems within the organization. | | | | | | | | | |The final individual paper for this cla ss includes three sections; the final section is due in| | | | |Week Four. One section of the paper is due each week. The rubric is posted in the Course | | | | |Materials Forum. | | | | | | | | |Complete Section 1 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper. Using the Service Request | | | | |SR-rm-022, analyze the HR system. | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page paper that accomplishes the following: | | | | | | | | | |What key stakeholders in Riordan Manufacturing would you gather requirements from? | | | | | | | | |Describe the information-gathering techniques and systems analysis tools you would propose for| | | | |the project. | | | | | | | | | |Identify the key factors that help ensure the information required for the project is gathered| | | | |successfully. | | | | | | | | |Explain what project scope is and why it is important. Describe the areas of project | | | | |feasibility that are examined in the analysis phase of the SCLC. | | | | | | | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 referen ces, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA guidelines. | | | | | | | | |Submit Section 1 of the final paper. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Day 7 |15 | Week Three: Systems Design | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define design specifications. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. 4 days of week| | | | | |4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on Service Request SR-kf-013 Paper, due in Week Five. | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper | | | | |(Preparation) |Submit Updated Project Plan (Add actual delivery dates / comments) | | | | | |Day 7 |2 | |Individual |Complete Section 2 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper.This week’s assignment incorporates|Day 7 |15 | |Service Request |the transition from analysis to design. Revise Section 1 based on faculty feedback. | | | |SR-rm-022, Part 2 | | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page paper that includes the following: | | | | | | | | | |Describe the application architecture and process design.Include a high-level description of | | | | |the security controls you recommend for the design of this HR system. | | | | | | | | | |Apply the tools of systems analysis to describe the information system’s architecture in terms| | | | |of data, processes, interfaces, and network. You can use a Microsoft ® Visio ® diagram to draw | | | | |examples of flow charts, data flow diagrams, and any other design tools. | | | | | | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 references, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA guidelines. | | | | | | | | | |Submit Section 2 of the paper ONLY. | | | Week Four: Systems Development and Implementation | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify the activities involved in sy stems development. | | | | |Identify the activities involved in systems implementation. | | | | |Identify the activities involved in systems operations. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. 4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Continue working on Service Request SR-kf-013 Paper, due in Week Five. | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper | | | | |(Preparation) |Submit Updated Project Plan (Add actual delivery dates / comments) | | | | | |Day 7 |2 | |Individual |Complete Section 3 of the Service Request SR-rm-022 paper.This section incorporates the |Day 7 |20 | |Completed SR-rm-022 |transition from design to implementation. Revise Sections 1 and 2 based on faculty feedback. | | | | | | | | | |Prepare a 4- to 6-page section that accomplishes the following: | | | | | | | | | |Describe the implementation stage for this project. | | | |Include a discussion of the six major activities for the implementation stage as described in | | | | |the text: | | | | | | | | | |Coding | | | | |Testing | | | | |Installation | | | | |Documentation | | | | |Training | | | | |Support | | | | | | | | |Describe in the discussion of these six activities how each activity would be specifically | | | | |planned for the individual project situation. | | | | |Discuss the benefits of using defined and repeatable processes for accomplishing these | | | | |activities for the implementation stage. | | | |Cite and discuss 2 to 3 references, in addition to the required readings, that are relevant to| | | | |the assignment. Include citations and references formatted consistent with APA Guidelines. | | | | | | | | | |Compile and Submit Sections 1 through 3 into one final 12-18 page paper with any suggestions | | | | |and revisions completed to the previously submitted sections. | | | Week Five: Maintenance | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define systems maintenance and how it is performed. | | | | |Explain system configuration management. | | | |Participation |Answer both DQ1 and DQ2 and post 2 substantive postings on 4 different days of the week. |4 days of week|4 | |Learning Team |Complete Service Request SR-kf-013. Day 7 |20 | |Service Request | | | | |SR-kf-013 Paper |Submit your 12- to 16-page paper. | | | Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

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The Victorious Youth Essay Example for Free

The Victorious Youth Essay The Victorious Youth is a Grecian bronze sculpture dated to be between 300-100 B.C. whereas the Riace Warrior was older and was probably made between 460-450 B.C. The Greeks had their art of portraiture, in which a victorious youth would lend his features to images of the gods, while the portrait of the general, the philosopher, or the poet was fashioned like a statue of the divine, and was given superhuman touches.   The divine remained a generalization and intensification of the human. The Greeks did not endeavor to reproduce particular details, but to present a picture in which had been elaborated the idea they embodied.   Hence the victorious Youth has more god-like features whereas the Riace warrior has been given superhuman characteristics.   Also, the Victorious youth is wearing a wreath on his head which is a symbol of victory and kingship in Grecian art. In the case of the Riace warrior, its   attitude of defiance represents the moral force of the people it symbolizes. The Victorious Youth appears to be more relaxed and the olive wreath on his head identifies him as a victorious athlete. The muscles on the Riace Warrior are very naturalistically sculpted. Both the sculptures depict the concept of weight shift as they both rest on one leg each.   The Riace warrior, however, seems more tense and his muscles taut, as if waiting for something in anticipation. The hair and the beard seem more intrinsically sculpted compared to those of the Victorious Youth. Not only is that but the expression on the face of the Victorious Youth more dreamy and distant whereas that on the face of the Riace Warrior is more aggressive and focused as if concentrating on something. The facial expressions of both the sculptures identify and collate with the whole idea of the Victorious Youth being a successor and the Riace warrior having to do with war. Also contra- posto is in effect as both the figures experience a certain degree of gyration. It is essentially a new technique in art as rigid frontal sculptures gave way to more natural poses. However, in the Victorious Youth, the hands seem to be out of proportion compared to the rest of the body. It seems as if the sculptor meant to exaggerate the hands so that the action of the youth touching his wreath is more prominent hence the whole idea of him being the winning athlete. Riace warrior- http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Arts/RiaceWarrior.htm Gardner’s Art through the Ages- A concise history.

Reflection on the History & Systems of Psychology Essay Example for Free

Reflection on the History Systems of Psychology Essay Pre-modern, modern and postmodern frames of reference have all helped shape important, contemporary psychological theories and issues. In this paper I will attempt, in a reflective manner, to walk through and revisit the areas we covered in course, the end aim being to gain a measure of insight into where the field of psychology stands today, particularly with regard to oppressive forms of ethnocentric monoculturalism. In terms of pre-modern perspectives, in the course we first discussed historical issues concerning the mind-body problem. I stated the nature of the relationship between body and mind and whether they are one and the same or two distinct substances, which is the center of the debate between monists and dualist. Descartes, the most well known dualist, argued for a separation of mind from soul and body. Also an interactionist, Descartes held the mind influenced the body as much as the body impacted the mind (Goodwin, 2009). Plato, his predecessor from antiquity, was also a dualist and an interactionist arguably, and believed the body and soul/mind were temporarily at one during life; each came from a completely different place, the body from the material world and the soul from the world of ideas. At the moment of death, the body withered away in time and space, the soul or mind returning to the world of forms and there realizing universal truths (Wozniak, 1992). Delving deeper into pre-modern views of the mind-body problem I touched upon Spinoza. Spinoza, a contemporary of Descartes, dismissed Descartes two-substance view in favor of what is called double-aspect theory (Wozniak, 1992). Double-aspect theories hold the view that the mental and the physical realms are varying aspects of the same substance. For Spinoza, that single substance is God, perceived as the universal essence or nature of everything in existence. In Spinoza’s view, there is no partition of mind and body, therefore. Instead they are of a single substance, in a pre-established coordination, reflecting the divine essence. In reflection, I continue to side with Spinoza and double-aspect theory in terms of pre-modern perspectives. I do believe that there is a pre-established coordination between mind and body that is reflective of the divine creation. I am therefore I think is my continued response to Descartes. In terms of modern perspectives in the course we examined the origins of psychology as a subject discipline. During the course I stated that psychology first appeared as a subject discipline in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt started a psychology lab in Germany at the University of Leipzig. The laboratory devoted itself to the analysis of conscious thought in its basic elements and structures, which was uncovered through a process of introspection (Gross, 1996). What differentiated this ‘new psychology’ at the time from philosophy was its use of measurement and control as well as its emphasis on the scientific method to study mental processes relevant to human consciousness. Due to his influence on Edward B. Titchener, Wundt’s frame of reference arguably helped give birth to structuralism. Indeed Wundt’s disciple, Titchener, is credited with developing and labeling structuralism in an 1898 paper called â€Å"The Postulates of a Structural Psychology (Goodwin, 2009). In the paper he compared and contrasted structuralism with functionalism, which he claimed infested most US universities, save Cornell where he was cultivating what would come to be  called the â€Å"the Cornell school of psychology.† Notwithstanding, Goodwin (2009) has stated that Titchener and the Cornell view of psychology was extremely narrow largely because of its insistence on introspection and due to Titchener’s attitude that his way was the only way, a position that often does not bode well in academia. In this vein and perhaps arrogantly so, Titchener, likened structuralism to anatomy, its purpose being analysis he surmised whereas functionalism he likened to physiology, stating that functionalists examine how the mind is able to adapt one to his or her said environment, wh ich to Titchener was a waste of time without a deep understanding of structure. As one needs to know the ins and outs of human anatomy before being able to fully delve into physiology, so thus was the  functionalist at a loss, in his view, without the ability to outline the structures of human consciousness via a highly difficult process of systematic, experimental introspection as stipulated by him in almost cult like exclusivity, which spawned criticism. Accordingly, his movement never gained the momentum it needed to win American hearts and minds, falling into the dustbin of history in favor of functionalism. Nevertheless, in spite of Titchener’s unpopularity in the US, his enduring contribution is that he helped create a place for the lab and experimental psychology in all colleges and universities with programs in psychology. While functionalists were also interested in looking at mental processes such as consciousness in so far as assessing human behavior in terms of how it aided people in adapting to ever-changing environments, they did not, unlike followers of Titchener, emphasize introspection (Goodwin, 2009). Psychologist James R. Angell, a follower of John Dewey, the founder of functionalism in America, became its most outspoken spokesperson, criticizing Titchener and drawing a sharp contrast to him in a 1907 popular paper called â€Å"The Province of Functional Psychology.† It was a damning response to Titchener’s 1898 paper. For Angell, the structuralist was  interested in the â€Å"what?† of conscious thought, whereas the functionalist psychologist wished to know the â€Å"how?† and â€Å"why?† of it, asking what is consciousness for? (Goodwin, 2009). This way of viewing psychology in terms of its practical applications, became an important influence in modern times, because it led to the study of topics such as developmental and abnormal psychology, in addition to examining the individual differences of mind, (which Titchener and the Cornell school remarkably had no interest in). When asking how psychology can be used to solve everyday problems in a practical way, we are taking from the functionalists and their movement. Perhaps the most prominent movement in the field of modern 20th century psychology was behaviorism. Behaviorism began essentially due to the work of Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov who did not consider himself a psychologist, but, rather a physiologist interested in the process of digestion in dogs, was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1904 (the year B. F. Skinner was born) in Physiology and Medicine. In the course of his research, Pavlov observed that the dogs would often start salivating before any food being given to them, when they would see the food or the food’s container, or when they heard the footsteps of the lab assistant who was on his way to feed them. His observations led to the study to what we now call classical conditioning (Gross, 1996). The first attempt to apply Pavlov’s findings on conditioning to humans was made by John B. Watson in a dubious and arguably unethical experiment on a small boy named Albert, showing that the fear of rats can be deliberately induced (Watson and Rayer, 1920). The experiment served to popularize a new behavioral approach to psychology that would within a decade become the dominant force in America, Watson its founder, propagator and publicist (Goodwin, 2008). To the modernist Watson (1913), psychology is an objective natural science,  its theoretical goal the prediction and control of behavior. Wundt and Titchener’s view on introspection has no place in its methods, nor is consciousness addressed or studied. There is no marked borderline between people and animals. Due to Watson’s input and influence cats, dogs, rats, and pigeons became the major source of psychological data. As ‘psychological’ now meant ‘behavior’ rather than ‘consciousness,’ animals that were easier to study and whose environments could be more readily controlled could replace people as experimental subjects (Gross, 1966). B. F. Skinner, also a behaviorist and modernist, went steps further than Pavlov and Watson, casting behavior in a more interactive light. He made a distinction between respondent and operant behavior and argued that most animal and human behavior is not brought about in the way Pavlov and Watson indicated and surmised. Skinner, like Edward Thorndike before him, was interested in how animals operate on their environment and how this operant behavior brings about particular consequences that can determine the likelihood of that behavior being repeated. In experiments he used a variation of Thordike’s puzzle-box, a Skinner box, which was made for a rat or a pigeon to do things in, rather than escape from. Fundamentally, Skinner saw the learner as much more actively involved than did Pavlov or Watson, for whom behavior was due to stimuli, unconditioned stimuli before learning and conditioned stimuli after learning. In addition to behaviorism, modern views of psychology took twists and turns. As a reaction to both Titchener’s structuralism and Watson’s behaviorism, the Gestalt psychologists of the 1920s and 1930s in Germany and Austria were primarily concerned with perception and held that perceptions could not be deconstructed in the way that Wundt and Titchener wanted to do with thought, and that behaviorists had sought for with behavior. Their belief could be  succinctly stated as follows: ‘the whole is greater than the sum of its parts’ (Gross, 1996, p.3). The whole is essentially destroyed when you break down perception and behavior into parts, the Gestalt psychologists held. There are organizing principles of perceptual organization which were voiced by Gestalt’s founder Max Wertheimer. These principles are frequently highlighted in units on perception in general psychology textbooks and are as follows: the principle of proximity, the principle of similarity, the principle of continuation. All of the organizing principles have in common what is called the law of simplicity or what Gestaltists term Prà ¤gnanz. This refers to the tendency for perceptions to mirror reality as closely as possible (Goodwin, 2009). In the course I gave an example of gestalt thinking, which in reflection I would like to return to as it clearly remains in mind. I used the example of a bus stopping at a bus stop in one’s neighborhood. On a given day the bus stops at the same corner the person is accustomed to, and is recognized to be that bus. The person gets on, but has made a mistake. She did not realize that there was a route change that morning and the bus she took was numbered differently. What gives? Is it only a matter of not paying attention? In Gestalt inspired, top-down conceptually driven processing, we begin with one’s prior knowledge, motivations, expectations and beliefs. In the bus example, the inability to see and decipher or register a different number on the bus and get on it, means it was recognized it to be the customary bus due to top-down processing (Danner, 2009). If one were to notice the different bus number, however, that would entail bottom-up processing, because such processing is data driven. The different number is perceived in terms of information in the sensory input, in conjunction with top-down processing, revealing to the person that it is not the customary bus. Perhaps after realizing her mistake, the person in  the example will be more careful next time, thereby exercising more bottom-up processing. If Austria was home to some of Gestalt’s most prominent members and adherents, it was also home to Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Freudian psychoanalytic theory was the first to state the significance of innate drives and define abnormal and normal behavior in relationship to the role of the unconscious mind. Its importance is that the theory of personality popularized contextualizing human behavior in terms of the id, ego, and superego, notating development in five psychosexual stages. Each stage was marked by shifts in what Freud believed were the underlying modes of gratification: oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital (Glassman, 2000). In reflection, I continue to find merit in Freuds concept of stages for sure. I would still prefer to call them development stages, however, and not necessarily put a sexual meaning on them, as Freud and his supporters have done and continue to do. There is no need to detail the well-known limitations and criticisms of Freudian theory, which according to Glassman (2000) are its falsifiability, the great deal of emphasis put on case studies, and its cultural bias towards women. Regardless of such naysaying, his supporters would passionately argue for and be adamant about such a sexual narrative of the human person, which if not fodder, certainly has entertainment value. In fact, Freudian theory is fascinating to me largely due to the dramatic (almost cinematic) conflicts and challenges that mark each psychosexual stage. Perhaps the most well-known of these is the Oedipal conflict (which occurs in the so-called phallic stage). It was interesting to read that some analysts called the fe male variant, the Electra conflict, but Freud himself did not use the term (see Freud 1924). Perhaps the most attractive modern theory of personality, in my view, would belong to Carl Rogers. In Carl Roger’s theory, a person is the source of his  or her basic needs such as food and water. He or she is also the source of a growth motive which he called an actualizing tendency, which is an innate drive that is reflective of the desire to grow, to develop and to develop one’s capabilities (Glassman, 2000). It is the actualizing tendency that stimulates creativity, causing a person to seek out new challenges and skills that motivate healthy growth in one’s lifetime (Gross, 1996). According to Rogers (1961, but originally proposed in 1947): Whether one calls it a growth tendency, a drive towards self-actualization, or a forward moving direction tendency, it is the mainspring in life†¦ It is the urge which is evident in all organic and human life – to expand, extend, become autonomous, mature and develop. In reflection, I continue to feel that Roger’s influence and continuing popularity in the psychotherapeutic community give his theories merit. APA members have been asked which psychotherapist they believe to me the most influential figure in the field (Smith, 1982). In 2006, this survey repeated in the Psychotherapy Networker. In both surveys, Carl Rogers was the â€Å"landslide† choice. While this does not prove Rogers to be correct, certainly it gives his theory of motivation more credence than not, increasing its believability. Certainly, I feel influenced by Rogers as I move forward in my career. While Rogers theory of an actualizing tendency and the overall nature of the client-centered approach may be controversial due to its allowance to let the client call the shots and as stated by Goodwin (2009) for its overemphasis on the the self at the expense of the importance of the community, in addition to being clearer what it was against than what it was for, it is nevertheless, a credible postulation in terms of its application in therapy and remains my preference over Freud. Accordingly, I continue to feel that all clients  innately wish to be successful in life and to be praised as contributors to their own selfactualization. They wish to expand their knowledge and achieve  higher levels of success beneath all the guises that seem otherwise. When clients are not performing to their fullest potential, praise and support can help ignite the actualizing tendency in a manner that would otherwise have remained dormant. When exploring postmodern views of psychology we have to inherently speak about cultural narratives and meta-narratives. What is psychology today and who defines it? What is psychology’s story, who told that story historically, and who gets to tell it today? When we look at psychology as a practice, historically and today, is important to bring to the fore the ethnocentric monocultural aspects that were oppressive to women and continue to be to minority groups in reinforcing white male Euro-American culture as the normative and desirable culture. Indeed, therapists and helping professionals should try to help deconstruct and unveil monoculturalism whenever it rears its despicable head. When oppressive forms such as heterosexism, ageism, gender and sexism come to the fore in therapy, for example, therapists should not reinforce them but try to encourage reflection on such prejudices with the aim being for the client to indentify for what it is – and to grow accordingly. The field of psychology itself is not immune but remains at risk to the debacle of monoculturalism. According to Yutrzenka, Todd-Bazemore and Caraway (1999) even though the data forecast that by 2050, ethnic minorities will make up over 50% of the US population, this quickly changing demographic has minimal effect on the number of ethnic minority psychologists. This is particularly true for Native Americans, who are far more underrepresented than any other ethnic body. Though the APA as stated by Goodwin (2009), is vigorously addressing this entire issue at present, with such efforts to be praised, still the legacy of ethnocentric monoculturalism is a stain on the profession, and will remain so until  significant numbers of minority psychologists abound. In spite of the barriers confronting them, women and minorities have made many notable, valuable and vital contributions to the field of psychology. During the course I discussed Eleanor Gibson who received the National Medal of Science in 1992 for a lifetime of research on topics dealing with the development of depth perception to the fundamentals involved in reading, faced discrimination while at Yale from psychologist Robert Yerkes who wanted no females in his lab (Goodwin, 2009). While she was able to get her PhD there under the guidance of the neobehaviorist Clark Hull, she unfortunately went on to experience difficulties at Cornell (where her husband had gained a position) forced into an unpaid research associate position in spite of winning competitive and prestigious research grants. As a result of these grants, however, she was able to carry out pioneering studies on depth perception with Richard Walk. When Cornell, home to Titchener’s legacy, removed its nepotism rules in 1966, only then did she become a full professor. Furthermore, as discussed in the course, African-Americans have also made outstanding contributions to psychology. Kenneth and Mamie Phipps Clark again come to mind in terms of their best known research titled Racial identification and preference in Negro children (Goodwin, 2009). In this research it was shown that black children showed a preference for white dolls over black ones when asked which they would like to play with and looked more like. The Clarks concluded, according to Goodwin (2009) that one insidious effect of racial segregation was its negative influence on African-American self-esteem. As a result of this research, in part, the Supreme Court was compelled to do the right thing and reverse the racist separate but equal doctrine in Brown v. Board of Education. The Clarks’ contribution to psychology and the contributions of other AfricanAmericans preceding them were not without struggle. Their mentor at Howard University, Francis Sumner faced huge obstacles when attempting to get a graduate degree and gain employment in academia. African-Americans have often had their basic intellectual abilities questioned (Goodwin, 2009). The legacy of white racism and of the field of psychology’s complicity by not taking a firmer stand until only recently is without question a significant reason why African-Americans remain heavily underrepresented in the profession, in spite of the gains made for women. 60 percent of doctorates in psychology are awarded to women today, while Native Americans as we discussed and African-Americans continue to be awarded a paltry percentage in turn. Such dismal figures have nothing to do with intelligence. We know that early intelligence tests were normed on just Caucasian, middle-class populations and only recently has such bias been addressed and perhaps abated. This also was the case for the MMPI personality tests as well. In the case of the MMPI, many of the original items became dated and according to Kassin (2008), to bring the test up to the 21st century and more postmodern views, new items were written in, and a more diverse cross-section of the US was sampled. The result of that updating is the newer 567-item version called the MMPI-2. In reflection, my guess is that similar advances have been made or are being considered in IQ testing as well; otherwise we would have to call into question whether biased IQ tests are valid for minority groups. Accordingly, great care should be taken when formulating test questions as well as interpreting the results of test-takers from different cultural groups and urban tribes. Fundamentally, it is crucial that test makers be made aware of cultural differences when putting together IQ test questions, as recommended for the MMPI (Church 2001). Exercising caution does not mean  minority groups are treated with kid gloves, but rather that a lens of understanding is in place and that can come about as a result of the test makers and assessors informing themselves. Otherwise an IQ tests validity for minority groups is at issue. Pre-modern, modern and postmodern frames of reference have all helped shape important, contemporary psychological theories and issues. Accordingly, I have attempted in a reflective manner to revisit the areas of psychology’s history we covered in course. If psychology as a profession is to continue to grow and develop, it will occur through a similar process of reflection, followed by action. It is important for psychology to know its origins, its history and respective story. However, in realization of the depth of ethnocentric monoculturalism, its leadership, particularly in the APA, must act on the call to bring about the inclusion of more minorities. Otherwise, the oppressive stain of monoculturalism shall abound and continue to blemish the profession we hold dear. References Angell, J.R. (1904). Psychology. New York: Holt. Church, A.T. (2001). Personality measurement in cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Personality, 69, 979-1006. Danner, N. (2011). Psychology: ORG5001 survey of psychology I. Boston: Pearson Learning Solutions. Freud, S. (1924) A General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. New York: Washington Square Press (reprinted 1952). Glassman, W (Ed.). (2000) Approaches to psychology. Philadelphia: Open University Press. Goodwin, C.J. (2009) A history of modern psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Gross, R. (Ed.). (1996) Psychology, the study of mind and behavior. London: Hodder Stoughton. Kassin, S., (2008). Psychology in Modules: ORG 5002 Survey of psychology II. New York: Pearson Custom Publishing. Rogers, C.R. (1961) On becoming a person. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Smith, D. (1982) Trends in counseling and psychology. American Psychologist, 37, 802–809. Watson, J.B. (1913) Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 15877. Watson, J.B. Rayneer, R. (1920) Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 3, 1-14. Wozniak,R. (1992) Mind and body: Renà © Descartes to William James. Retrieved from http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter%206%20MindBody/DUALISM.htm. Yutrzenka, B.A., Todd-Bazemore, E., Caraway, S.J. (1999). Four winds: The evolution of culturally inclusive clinical psychology training for Native Americans. International Review of Psychiatry, 11, 129- 135. ProQuest: 43479524.

Cadbury Dairy Milk Values and Objectives

Cadbury Dairy Milk Values and Objectives Identify the mission, values and key objectives of the chosen organization and assess the influence of stake holders Vision Vision of Cadbury Dairy Milk Working together to create brands people love A vision statement reveals the ideal image of the organization in the future. Vision is an important point in corporate strategic plan and is bound to be on time. It communicates both the value and purpose of organization. Vision is intended to give directions to employees about how they should behave and inspires them to give their best. A vision when shared with customers can help shape a customers understanding of why they should work with the organization. Mission Cadbury Dairy Milk mission statement Says simply, Cadbury means quality; this is our promise. Our reputation is to built upon quality; our commitment to continuous improvement will ensure that our promise Mission statement defines an organizations primary objectives and its key purpose. Its prime function is internal – to define the key measure or measures of the organization’s success – and its prime listeners are the leadership team and stockholders. Mission statements are the starting points of an organizations strategic planning and goal setting process. They try to assure and focus the attention on both the external and internal stakeholders to understand and know what organization is trying to accomplish. Key Objectives Cadbury Dairy Milk main aim and objective is to become world best and biggest confectionery company. The company is really keen to perform better than the competitors. Cadbury Dairy Milk is among the leading companies of the world. Objectives are the ends toward which activity is aimed-they are the end results to ward which activity is aimed. â€Å"Objectives are goals, aims or purposes that organizations wish over varying periods of time†-McFarland â€Å"A managerial objective is the intended goal that prescribes definite scope and suggests direction to the planning efforts of a manger†-Terry and Franklin Stakeholders Their Main Interests/Objectives/Goals in an Organization Shareholders Growth in their profits, dividends price growth of their shares Employees Salary wages, secured job, motivation satisfaction of the job Customers Quality products, availability of the product, to obtain good value for money customer care Community Environmental effects, job opportunities the business`s impact on its surroundings Directors managers Salary, job satisfaction, to retain power to increase their status power in the organization from business growth Banks building societies Interest, debt to be collected credit rating Government Jobs, legal operation of the organization collection of tax Suppliers Quick payments, increase in purchase long term contracts (P2) Evaluate the extent to which an organization achieves the objectives of three stakeholders Stakeholders of an Organization    Stakeholders are group of people who are directly interested in the activities of the business. Different stakeholders of an organization are shown in the picture. Stakeholders Their Main Interests/Objectives/Goals in an Organization Employees Salary wages, secured job, motivation satisfaction of the job Customers Quality products, availability of the product, to obtain good value for money customer care Community Environmental effects, job opportunities the business`s impact on its surroundings Meeting the objectives of its Stakeholders Cadbury is one of the world’s largest confectionary manufacturers. Cadbury believes that good ethics and good business go together naturally to produce the best long-term results for all the stakeholders. Its success is sustained by understanding and responding to the needs of consumers, customers, suppliers, colleagues and citizens. Employees Cadbury identifies the abilities of its employees and then these abilities are further enhanced and developed by offering them on-the-job assignments, executive education and coaching. Part of Cadbury’s line managers responsibility is to identify the training needs of his or her direct reports, match those needs to training and development opportunities and ensure that learning is transferred back into the workplace. Consumers Cadbury is providing high quality, tasty products with reasonable prices and it also deals directly with consumers and has significant resources in the business so to respond to customers complaints and questions. Community Cadburys Purple Goes Green project was launched back in July 2007 setting a vision for the company to deal with change in climate. What they did was they intended to minimize global environmental footprints by reducing excess packaging, energy use and managing water use. Purple Goes Green targets are: 50% reduction in our absolute carbon emissions. 10% decline in packaging of product and a more stretch target of 25% for gift and seasonal ranges. We will also aim for 60% biodegradable packaging. 100% â€Å"water scarce† sites will have water reduction programs in place. Outcome 2 (P4) Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources Function of an economy: Government control economies and each economy have a certain amount of scares resources. Knowing that they exist on economic problem of scarcity however the economic system that a country has adapted to must ask the following questions and find suitable answers for them. 1) What to produce 2) How to produce 3) For whom to produce There are 3 economic systems they are discussed in detail below: Free market economy: All the economic resources are owned by private people. In a market economy only those goods are produced and resources are devoted towards those goods that are in demand and are also showing an increase in demand. This means that private sector will gather information from the market about those goods whose prices are rising. Meaning they will find out goods which are in demand and produce those goods only. In a market economy firms only operate to make profits or firms work only for profit motives. Poor people will be in distress as they will be unable to find hospitals that are free or very cheap, and also will find prices of necessities going up as there will be no government control. In a market economy a government may have limited role of providing legal systems, justice system, police etc. In a market economy because of no government control firms often hide there external costs due to this cost is less and so is the selling price this creates and artifi cial demand in the market and too many scares resources are being used. Advantages / Disadvantages A wide variety of goods are produced to meet consumer’s wants Encourages use of new and better methods to produce goods and services. It relies on producers and consumers to decide what, how and for whom to produce. In market economy factors of production will only be employed if it’s profitable. May fail to offer public with certain goods or services. Can encourage the use of harmful goods. Example drugs Social effects of production may be ignored. Planned economy: All economic resources are owned and controlled by the state. The state works for social motives and every decision is for the betterment of the society. There is central planning and the state decides what goods must be produced. Usually resources are devoted towards making necessities first. Consumers have no influence over what goods should be produced. Only those goods are produced which the government wants and not what the people want. In panned economies there is always a problem of knowing the correct level of demand as the market mechanism does not register them. Due to this there is miss allocation of resources and either resources are over or under utilized by the government. Currently there are only three countries with planned economies. (China, North Korea, Cuba) Advantages / Disadvantages Government works on social motives. Government charges high taxes on harmful goods. Goods are produced both for the poor and those having money. Social effects of production will be taken care of. The state can fail to provide certain goods. Cannot respond quickly to the changes in people’s wants. Produces only those goods which the government wants and not what the people want. Goods produced are of poor quality. Firms do not have a reason for doing a good job its because they work on social motive and there are no profit motives. Mixed Economic system: Many goods are produced by the private sector E.g. car, phones, PC etc. Many goods and services are provided only by the state E.g. police, defense, justice, railways, airlines, electricity. Some goods and services are provided both by the private and the government. And it is a person’s choice weather to go to a public hospital or a private hospital, public school or private school. In order to finance projects like health care and education the government raises money through taxes. In order to make better use of scare resources the government has the power to control or limit business activities. Government can control business activities in many ways E.g. Putting tax on pollution. Controlling employee rights. Anti competitive practices. Monopolies. E.g. merger or takeovers. A mixed economic system is usually adopted by governments to promote free enterprises. Advantages / Disadvantages Government helps in creating jobs for those people who are out of work. Government in mixed economies stops people from consuming harmful drugs by making them illegal or placing high taxes. In market economy firms can avoid their own costs but in mixed economies government may use laws, higher taxes and possible penalties on firms to try to prevent polluting the environment. Mixed economies overcome the problem of not producing goods for the poor as the state works on social motives and provide certain goods free of charge to the customers. Government often charges higher taxes from people and this discourages people from working. (P5) Discuss the impact of social welfare and industrial policy initiatives on organizations and the wider community Social welfare: The objective of social welfare is to measure value welfare judgments and social ethics. It not just includes the standard of living but also the environment (water, air and soil), maintenance of income, health, housing, crime level, education and its connection to society and politics. Industrial policy: Industrial policy helps government take active role in supporting investment and encouraging a faster economic growth in industry to help stop the manufacturing sector from decline. It emphasizes the cooperation between private enterprises, government, banks and employees to strengthen the economy. The social impact was always positive on Cadbury because as Quaker family they were participating reforms in society. Example choosing chocolate for career in business line is by their religious outlook. As he felt that alcohol is a major cause for poverty he introduced coca and chocolate for drinking as alternative. Welfare reforms among labor: Cadbury directly ban the climbing boys who cleaned the chimney. Took major steps against the cruelty on animals and protested against royal cruelty on animals. Plus he manage a structure to give adults awareness. He had good relations with his labors taking fruitful steps he gives Saturday a half day for his labors. He arranged committee in 1918 that had optional voting one for men other for women. The councils main aim is to provide education, training, safety and social life of the worker. They also arranged places for prayers and timings for prayers for workers on spiritual reasons. For example on this particular time bible has to be read as a morning prayer in church. Bibliography BPP Learning Media. (2007). Business Environment (Course Book). London: BPP Learning Media Ltd. http://www.studymode.com/essays/Social-Welfare-496646.html http://www.papercamp.com/group/internal-and-external-stakeholders-store/page-1140 http://www.scribd.com/doc/157174637/Cadbury http://www.ask.com/question/cadbury-schweppes-mission-statement

Descriptive Essay - The Old Root Cellar -- Descriptive Essay, Descripti

The Old Root Cellar Our summer trips to Colorado seemed to take forever. I was an eager four year old child who couldn't wait to get to my secret place. Every child has a special place: it might be a fort made out of sheets and couple of chairs, or maybe it's an easy chair that serves as a stage coach or a fighter plane. Maybe its a bed that becomes a ship protecting you from sharks. My special place was at my grandparents farm. My childhood was spent on military bases or in suburban neighborhoods. There were great places to play, but no place could match the old root cellar on my grandparents' farm, known as the "secret place". I really don't know who named it the "secret place" because it the place, it was what I did there that was secret. The place wasn't secret; what I did there was secret. I am the thirteenth grandchild and I am sure that many of my cousins spent hours playing there. In fact my mom spent a few hours there as a child. To me in my four year old's mind, it was all mine and no one else knew about the wonders it held. The root cellar is about 100 feet away from my grandparents house with a tomb like entrance. It was built on November 24,1937. I know this interesting fact because it is written in cement above two heavy wooden doors that open from the center out. I would open the doors and find a short stair case that led me to another set of doors. I opened up the second set of doors and I was inside the root cellar. The root cellar is made all of cement and has an oval shaped ceiling. Along the walls of the root cellar are wooden shelves that have sections for everything from cans of dried up paint to canned cherries with four inches of dust on them. There are old vases, broken tools and pictur... ...nts' house. She spent many hours with me making cookies and teaming up on my brother. I told her all my secrets and dreams. When I had to go back home, she would always write me letters. They were actually written by my grandpa. My mom tried to read them to me, but I wouldn't let her. However, I didn't know how to read, so I finally had to give in and let her read them to me. I spent many memorable summers at my "secret place." I will cherish those times and memories forever. Even though the root cellar was only a huge mound of dirt with a wood pile and a tree, to me, it was whatever I wanted it to be for that moment in time. It could be a bakery, a battle field or a castle. Having an imagination then, has helped me now to have an open mind to see things from other people's point of view and to be able to imagine the possibilities in any real life situation. .

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa :: Genitals Reproduction Culture Essays

Female Genital Mutilation in Africa ital Mutilation in Sudan In the country of Sudan, in Northern Africa, there is a procedure that is tradition and is performed on most women called female genital mutilation, or FGM, which used to be known as female circumcision. It has been a normal practice for generations, but is now the subject for international controversy on the morality and safety of this procedure. It is now known that 82 percent of Sudanese woman have an extreme form of genital mutilation done on them, normally at a young age. This form of mutilation is called the Pharaonic form and includes the total removal of the clitoris and labia, and stitching together of the vulva, leaving only a small hole for urination and menstrual cycle. This is normally done without any type of anaesthetic or professional medical care. There is also a more moderate form of mutilation, called Sunni, where only the covering of the clitoris is removed. This practice started and became tradition in foreign countries in order to ensure that women practice chaste behavior, and to suppress female sexuality. It has also been attributed to religious beliefs of monogamy although most religions do not support this type of practice. In today's society it has become more of a traditional and social norm, and has less to do with religious beliefs. This problem is not only in Sudan; it is practiced in the majority of the continent of Africa as well as other coun tries. In other cultures, such as Australian aborigines, genital mutilation is a part of the rite of passage into maturation, and is done on both men and women (Bodley, p. 58). FGM has often been referred to as female circumcision and compared to male circumcision. However, such comparison is often misleading. Both practices include the removal of well- functioning parts of the genitalia and are quite unnecessary. However, FGM is far more drastic and damaging than male circumcision because it is extremely dangerous and painful. It is believed that two thirds of these procedures are done by untrained birth attendants, who have little knowledge of health. They are often unconcerned with hygiene, and many use instruments that are not cleaned or disinfected properly. Instruments such as razor blades, scissors, kitchen knives, and pieces of glass are commonly used. These instruments are frequently used on several girls in succession and are rarely cleaned, causing the transmission of a variety of viruses such as the HIV virus, and other infections.

Gewirth and Nagel :: Alan Gewirth Thomas Nagel Rights Essays

Gewirth and Nagel One difference between Alan Gewirth’s defense of absolutism and that offered by Thomas Nagel is that Nagel concedes that it can be wrong to fail to violate absolute prohibitions (or absolute rights) in order to prevent catastrophic consequences whereas Gewirth does not. Explain what you regard as the most important advantages and disadvantages of each author’s position. Which one has the more compelling defense of absolutism? Rights delineate a space around individuals that must be respected. The study of rights is a struggle to understand how rights may be prioritized, and in what cases the interests of someone may overcome the rights of another. Gewirth and Nagel are both asking whether there are rights which may not be overridden, even in the case where it seems that overriding them would serve some greater common good. They call these rights ‘absolute.’ Gewirth is attempting to show that there are such rights, and that respecting them does not conflict with the rights of others. Nagel, on the other hand, believes that some situations require the violation of the rights of one or another, and argues that absolutism can provide important criteria attempts for determining how to evaluate claims in such events. Gewirth’s conclusion rests upon a strict delineation of responsibility, so that a responsible actor can always be identified for a violation of rights, and other actors can always avoid violating another’s absolute right. This formulation appears to be too strong. It is also limited in that it requires the identification of an actor; there are situations in which it offers us no help in evaluating right action. But, while Gewirth’s formulation is problematic in practice, it is powerful in that it offers a coherent, consistent defense of absolute rights. Nagel is not interested in justifying absolute rights, but in articulating actions that are prohibited. His belief is that the world is an imperfect place; that fear and human cruelty will always present difficult moral situations, and that therefore, establishing criteria to deal with these less than ideal situations is essential. He also argues, unlike Gewirth, that one can be confronted with two choices, both of whose outcomes are bad, and for both of which one bears responsibility. Thus, he asks, when both respecting and violating an absolute right are wrong, what is the morally right thing to do?

The Voice of Reason

At the end of William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague decide to make peace. Lord Montague promises to raise a gold statue of Juliet and Lord Capulet vows to do the same for Romeo. By this point in the story, there is no doubt that the families will keep their word. However, one is left thinking whether the peace will last or not. The deaths of Mercutio, Tybalt, Juliet and Romeo were all caused by the feud between the two families, yet it took Juliet’s death, combined with Romeo’s to end the feud.The lives that were lost might be enough to maintain harmony between them for a long time, maybe forever. The Prince is the voice of reason in Romeo and Juliet. He was the one who forbade the Capulet’s and the Montague’s from fighting in the streets because they would disturb the peace. Either way, Mercutio and Tybalt died, resulting in the banishment of Romeo. However, while the Prince tried to maintain the peace, he never qui te laid down the law with the battling families. It’s like they say, if you can’t see it, it’s not there.Once the Capulet’s and the Montague’s were battling in full view of the people of Verona, the Prince just couldn’t ignore it anymore. Yet what he did had no impact on the families whatsoever. Threats didn’t scare them. So they continued hating each other. â€Å"Where be these enemies? /Capulet! Montague! /See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,/That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love. /And I for winking at your discords too/Have lost a brace of kinsmen: all are punish'd. †(V. 3. 291-296) . In this quote, the prince is berating himself for doing almost nothing about the feud.He exclaims that because of their hatred for each other, the heavens punished them by taking their children, Juliet and Romeo. Finally understanding the horrors the feud had created, Lord Capulet and Lord Montague make amends to each other by agreeing to end the feud and raising gold statues in honor of Romeo and Juliet‘s deaths. â€Å"Capulet: O brother Montague, give me thy hand: This is my daughter’s jointure, for no more Can I demand. Montague: But I can give thee more:For I will raise her statue in pure gold;That while Verona by that name is known,There shall no figure at such rate be setAs that of true and faithful Juliet.Capulet: As rich shall Romeo's by his lady's lie;Poor sacrifices of our enmity! † (V. 3. 297-306) For generations to come, the story of Romeo and Juliet will be passed down from Capulet to Montague to Capulet, maintaining the peace and uniting the families. Maybe there will be another Montague who falls in love with a Capulet and maybe this time, the ending will be a happy one. As the Prince mournfully states â€Å" Some shall be pardon'd, and some punished:For never was a story of more woeThan this of Juliet and her Romeo. †(V. 3. 308-310)

Europe Africa And The Americas In 1492 To 1750 Essay

Throughout history, many changes become happened by and throughout the do main(prenominal) of a function. These changes shaped the world to be what is it was and also remove to other changes. For example, advances in technology, some(prenominal)(prenominal) as the creation of the magnetised compass, drastic on the wholey changed exploration. However, these changes these changes did not occur without continuities. take hold the bow for example, whether being mappingd to hunt, palm in battled, or just to shopwindow skill, man has been using the bow for decades since the branch bows were crafted. The years of 1492 to 1750 was a check of capital change in western sandwich Europe, Africa, and the the Statess that resulted in changes in thrift, like the introductions of new interchange routes, along with changes in society such as changes in demography, which were especially applicable in the Americas. With all of these changes also existed continuities such as, in terms of stinting continuities, the affluent were still employing slave grate in order to produce materials for sight and liking of the Spanish to convert people to Christianity in regards to social remained.In the years of 1492 through 1750, many questionable choices and things occurred referable to the theatrical role of new trade routes that both furthered and modify the economy in different regions of the world, chiefly Western Europe. The triangle trade was nonpareil of the most notable of these trade routes considering that it lead to so many things that affected the world because it was a trade route that affiliated Europe to Africa to the Americas. This trade route would be a major cause of economic change on the world because of its use to trade slaves, huffy material produced in the Americas by those slaves, and along with bills from the mines of the Americas which were shipped to Western Europe.The smooth at first was an irrefutable positive for Western Europe muc h like the export of raw materials from the colonies in the Americas. This export of materials was a great utility to the mother countries because it means the mother countries could send their land and sentence to other issues. moreover this leaves having to import theses raw materials from other countries thus giving the other counties more bullion which in turn gives them more power, having to fee taxes to trade route controllers, and it cuts out and political disputes that had a chance of occurring. The trade of silver on the other hand was farthermost more controversial.At first it was a big boom to Spains economy because of how valued silver was at this time. However, that all changed when the value of silver drastically disgraceped overdue to inflation. This caused Spain economic problems because it gave them a false mother wit of security when they spent money fleck too many wars, money that they would no longer have. Both of the silver and raw material shipped to Western Europe from the America was mined and produced by slaves sold by Africa to the Europeans which lead to growth in Africas economy but a drop in its commonwealth and the elan of sprightliness of Africans.Along with the arrival of the Europeans on the Americas, the trade of these slaves itself, caused changes in Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Of course Europe benefited economically but more prevalently was its effect on the demography of both the Americas and Africa. The Americas culture and population were two main effects of the trade of slaves. With the diminish population and life expectancy of the natives of the Americas thanks to the diseases brought by the Europeans because they had no immunity, the trade of slaves slowed the rate a small amount because coming from Africa they already have some immunity to disease.The African slaves crossbred with the Europeans as well as the natives which led to the diversification of the population. This introduced creoles and m estizos social classes caused differences in the social ladder with europeos at the top, under(a) them were the creoles, below the were the mestizos, next the Native Americans, thusly the free blacks, and the slaves at the bottom. In Africa the way of life and population was drastically changed due to slave trappers and traders. Families were ripped apart and the population was decreasing as Africans were being sold as slaves to the EuropeansSlavery traces as far endure as antique Greece and as go on all the way up to, and through the years of 1492 and 1750. They were still used for chores and for potent labor because they were cheap and replaceable. Rights and conditions of the slaves also did not change they had no freedom, no rights, and no say, because they were still considered neatty by the Spanish and Portuguese. The Spanish and Portuguese bought and used slaves in fields and mines of the Americas with the majority of the slaves going toBrazil, a Portuguese colony. The y used slaves rather than hiring workers or doing the work themselves because for the same reason the Ancient Greek did it it was cheap, easy, and they were replaceable. Slave labor go along throughout these years and even keep on past the year 1750. some other continuity of the years of 1492 and 1750 was the Spanishs trust to convert the barbaric natives of the Americas to proper men of the Christian Faith. Some welcomed Christianity plot of ground some rejected it due to their relaxation and contentment with their own religion and beliefs. The natives had previously practiced a polytheistic with valet de chambre sacrifices, cannibalism, and rituals which was savage and barbaric to the Spanish. This caused the Spanish to forcibly convert the natives to Christianity with disregard of what the natives wanted. This was done by taking people including children from the Americas away and learn them the ways of Christianity and sending them back to rotate those ideas to others.T he years of 1492 to 1750 held some big changes economically and socially to Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Economically, all common chord benefited excluding Western Europe when the inflation of silver hit. Socially, the demography of Africa was altered and the Americas drastically. Yet, not everything changed during this time period. Much of history remained constant during the period too. This included the use of slave labor in regards to economics and the Spanish desire to spread Christianity throughout the world.

How to write an introduction for a dissertation?

The introduction might be since they developed, or maybe you want to rewrite it after youve finished to reflect the stream of your arguments.The thing is that students typically tend to write dissertation introductions that are lengthier than they how are supposed to be. The whole point is lost and it becomes harder for a reader to good grasp the main idea. Writing a very detailed introduction is another common problem. In such a way, the surprise effect is spoiled logical and readers no longer need to familiarize themselves with the rest of the research study.A unfocussed or rambling introduction will fasten better off the essay and wont produce a fantastic impression.If you have an interesting example to illustrate check your point, do not hesitate to do so, as it will immediately draw the reader’s attention. Then, proceed to describe the topic of your dissertation. Define the subject you want to research. worth Try to choose something unusual or under-researched.

Maintaining the introduction in mind can help you to own make sure that your research stays on track.Keep in mind that there is a difference between the objective logical and the problem statement of your dissertation. Use research questions to dwell upon the problem statement. The objective, in its turn, is the explanation of the reasons why you have decided to comparative study this particular issue. Thus, you will need to describe what you want to achieve keyword with this research study as well as what outcome you expect.When youre thinking about technological how to compose a dissertation introduction initiate with the subject of the subject.Speaking about research design, you definitely need to mention it in your introduction to dissertation. Provide a brief summary of it. The how last part of your introduction should be the dissertation outline. What you are supposed to do is to briefly describe how your dissertation is constructed.

It needs to be fascinating in order to arouse interest, and stand out.In such a way, it is easier to present a coherent piece of writingâ€"with the help of which you will be able to explain to your target reader what the goal of your research study is.Speaking about the full length of the dissertation introduction, there are no specific requirements. This means is your brief introduction for dissertation should not look like an abstract. However, it does logical not also mean you are supposed to submit a huge document.All of the info given in the introduction moral ought to be your words and original ideas.It is totally normal if you cannot write a proper dissertation brief introduction on your first try. It takes time, which is the reason why it is important not to stress out much about it. Take a break. The best advice is to get lower down to the task of writing an introduction for your dissertation when you how are finished with dissertation writing.

A few pages is plenty in composing the background info.Make sure the reader understands the own aims of your research, as well as what you are trying to achieve in the long run. The more you dwell upon all these aspects in your introduction, the easier it will be for readers to grasp your main idea. Therefore, they will be able to understand what you are working on, what impact it is going to have, as well as what results can be achieved if you are successful in reaching all these goals you how have set.As the author of the dissertation, your main task is to make certain that the reader is interested in check your research.Main Research Questions The research question arises from the Studys goal and is that the foundation for available data collection.Begin with outlining the main argument right away. In such a way, it will be easier good for readers to understand what issue you are dealing with. Then, dwell upon the methodology you have used. Explain what tools you have chosen and mention why you have decided to use those particular ones.

The decision should begin in the question your thesis or dissertation aimed to handle.Therefore, it is a great way to impress your target audience and motivate them to keep reading to find out more about the subject you have chosen to research. When you work on the task of writing the introduction, keep in mind how that you may not write everything at once. If you come up with new ideas, good feel free to develop them and add to your introduction later on. Make sure that the finished english version remains coherent.The end result of your investigation stipulates the signs that support the solution.Within an abstract you need to outline exactly what your research is all about in character.

Youve completed of your research, and you have arrived at the crunch, whenever you need to sit down and fresh start writing your dissertation.Studies dont have hypotheses.Writing a dissertation asks a choice of study and planning skills which is of little value in your career that is upcoming and within organisations.Attempt to restrict your acknowledgement dissertation to a page.

Privacy of Electronic Medical Records

A servicing link surfaceness fretting geological formation with faculty to forbearing limit of 1 degree Celsius just nowt end be set forth as acutely on a lower floor laged. This is a scenario where checks and doctors be sh bed more than persevering ofs than they atomic take 50 ac terms efficiently. It puts forbearings at a jeopardy of infection of acquire worse nearlyness check examination examly or as yet dying.This is a n one where dose errors, diagnosis and an different(prenominal) health check checkup checkup examination errors atomic number 18 credibly to occur. payable to nurse friction they whitethorn reputation malign determinations and measurements beca lend oneself of imperativeness to solvent real goals within hold fourth dimension. In or so slipperinesss understaffed placements assemble miss of expert scuttlebutt where it is manifested by use of overage methods of.In a case where a infirmary is underst affed, colloquy among doctors and rough some another(prenominal)wise staff in such(prenominal)(prenominal) a infirmary is woeful then wind to worrys that aim a wavelet effect take in the trial of the cornerstone. administrative functions be hampered be parkway roughly of the duties bread and butter up to be kill manu all(prenominal) last(predicate)y.The note of wellness deal is really misfortunate because all forbearing is not minded(p) the comme il faut individualised attendance that they bring on because other patients impart be wait for the doctor that is go to to him or her. privation of truth in authorship medical records is everyday for such an founding because indite the tuition manually dismiss determine psyche thumb faltering discover at several(prenominal) item and burden in changeable writing.Another cause for errors is the concomitant that slightly of the prescriptions or diagnoses be through in undecipher able hired hand big(a) a punishing date to those who argon so- directed to scrap on them.Patients death straddle and morbidity rate is thus spunky as a result. collectable to the oversize number of patients that cave in to be tended to(p) to by one nurse, a problem of convalescence of medical discipline of the patients becomes a agitated job because files reach to be searched manually.This puts patients who film urgent handling at a risk because condemnation may be muddled in act to allocate their own(prenominal)ized learning which ordinarily has their medical narration and forms the soil on which the mendeleviums act. In appurtenance to this the files may be dilapidate because of brave and land fashioning the study overcast and illegible, and any(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) of the materials could similarly get mislaid and at sea all over. all(prenominal) these problems summed up, decease to poor co-ordination in the hospital as well as inefficiencies in the administration.Information engine room is internal in any wellness formation because accord to knucklebones Duncan it facilitates wellness assist that is of proud smell and is cost effective.Through electronic aesculapian Records, at in one case a patient visits the hospital they deliver their personal teaching and on diagnosis of their ailment, findings be enter against the knowledge as well as other inside cultivation want prescriptions and orders to other health institutions. This applied science ensures accuracy, preciseness and completeness. It is the equal education that enables the initiation of reminders and alerts for practitioners to mete protrude drugs to patients thereby parsimony lives.electronic medical checkup records are plus in that with approve from patients, other health proposers fetch approach path to their medical records. The service of having such a fleck is that a patient is go to to in magaz ine since little time is apply in finding out his or her medical narration disregarding of which health institution he or she has attended. near patients call in hospital as well excrete to chew out or are plain subconscious but once some sanctioned culture is cognize most them worry their identification, the physician goes mature forrard with treatment without having to query them.Electronic medical records are unbroken by health arrangements for computer address and must(prenominal) be unbroken securely. It is a statutory requisite under body politic and national laws for every health system of rules to keep them protected from nark code by wildcat lot (Barrows, Randolph and Clayton, Paul. 1996).The guarantor is for the justification of patients from victimisation by employers because of real health conditions or by their insurers. manifestation of patients underground information is adequate of jeopardizing the integrity of the organization t wisty on forecast of defamation, medical malpractice and homage of patients to stirred put out (Bennett, Bob. 1995).A health concern organization so has the efficacious engagement to provide certificate for any secluded medical information. Physicians are excessively not allowed to pick out access to a patients medical record without their consent. Electronic technology enhances ability in the memory of medical records as well as accessibility.